"Industrialization based on machinery, already referred to as a characteristic of our age, is but one aspect of the revolution that is being wrought by technology." -Emily Greene Bauch
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution would have far-ranging implications for the world. Begun in Britain in the late 18th century, it spread across Europe and North America.
Industrialization has several different components/characteristics:
-The use of machines to produce goods.
-The changing of fuel types from biofuels to the use of coal and oil.
-The changing of a society from being an agricultural economy to a manufacturing economy.
-An increase in the development of technology.
Assignment
Assignment: Chapter 7, Sec 3
Assignment: Chapter 9, Sec 1
Spread
The Industrial Revolution spread out from the Britain, spreading across Europe and North America.
The Industrial Revolution spread out from the Britain, spreading across Europe and North America.
Technology
One of the key experiences of the Industrial Revolution was the increasing rate of technological development.
The Steam Engine
The development of the steam engine allowed for the creation of new machinery, which could further increase production. These new steam engines were used to replace human and animal muscle power for the production of goods. as a result, larger and larger amounts of goods were being produced at higher quality than ever before. To facilitate this new type of production the Factory System was developed.
The Factory System and Taylorism
Factories were developed across the United States. In the past, workers produced their goods at home or in local workshops. However, the machines of the period required a central location and thus workers had to be brought to them. Because the machines were so precise, they set the pace of work, meaning that workers had to accommodate their tools, not the other way around.
This process was further exacerbated by the development of Scientific Management, known as Taylorism. First developed by Frederick Taylor, Taylorism was a program in which factory work was regimented by the scientific process. Each job was broken down into specific components, with the worker being instructed on each step.
Urbanization and Working Life
"Chicago is the product of modern capitalism, and, like other great commercial centers, is unfit for human habitation. " --Eugene V. Debs
The demand for factory labor changed the demographic make up of the country as well. Workers were drawn from the countryside, away from farm life, to America's growing cities. Former agricultural workers were brought into city-life, often against their wishes, creating a new host of problems for the country. This process is known as urbanization.
19th century industrial cities were dangerous, over-crowded, and polluted. Periodic outbreaks of disease swept through these cities regularly, killing many thousands. Urban gangs exploded in size and aggression, while homelessness became a serious concern.
Assignments
Assignment: Agriculture and the Enclosure Acts
Assignment: Child Labour
Assignment: Working Conditions During the Industrial Revolution
Assignment: Urban Life During the Industrial Revolution
Project: Industrialization Technology Project
Project: Peanut Gallery Industrial Era Strife
One of the key experiences of the Industrial Revolution was the increasing rate of technological development.
The Steam Engine
The development of the steam engine allowed for the creation of new machinery, which could further increase production. These new steam engines were used to replace human and animal muscle power for the production of goods. as a result, larger and larger amounts of goods were being produced at higher quality than ever before. To facilitate this new type of production the Factory System was developed.
The Factory System and Taylorism
Factories were developed across the United States. In the past, workers produced their goods at home or in local workshops. However, the machines of the period required a central location and thus workers had to be brought to them. Because the machines were so precise, they set the pace of work, meaning that workers had to accommodate their tools, not the other way around.
This process was further exacerbated by the development of Scientific Management, known as Taylorism. First developed by Frederick Taylor, Taylorism was a program in which factory work was regimented by the scientific process. Each job was broken down into specific components, with the worker being instructed on each step.
Urbanization and Working Life
"Chicago is the product of modern capitalism, and, like other great commercial centers, is unfit for human habitation. " --Eugene V. Debs
The demand for factory labor changed the demographic make up of the country as well. Workers were drawn from the countryside, away from farm life, to America's growing cities. Former agricultural workers were brought into city-life, often against their wishes, creating a new host of problems for the country. This process is known as urbanization.
19th century industrial cities were dangerous, over-crowded, and polluted. Periodic outbreaks of disease swept through these cities regularly, killing many thousands. Urban gangs exploded in size and aggression, while homelessness became a serious concern.
Assignments
Assignment: Agriculture and the Enclosure Acts
Assignment: Child Labour
Assignment: Working Conditions During the Industrial Revolution
Assignment: Urban Life During the Industrial Revolution
Project: Industrialization Technology Project
Project: Peanut Gallery Industrial Era Strife
Industrial Economy
Industrialization changed the economy in profound ways. Industrialization created a huge glut of goods, spurred technological innovation, created vast fortunes for a select few, and created a new mass of industrial laborers.
As a result of these profound changes, questions about economic arrangements, working conditions, and how the wealth of the industrial revolution should be utilized were raised.
Rapidly industrializing states in Europe and North America quickly began to develop into technological and economic powerhouses, leaving behind competitors in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere.
Industrialization changed the economy in profound ways. Industrialization created a huge glut of goods, spurred technological innovation, created vast fortunes for a select few, and created a new mass of industrial laborers.
As a result of these profound changes, questions about economic arrangements, working conditions, and how the wealth of the industrial revolution should be utilized were raised.
Rapidly industrializing states in Europe and North America quickly began to develop into technological and economic powerhouses, leaving behind competitors in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere.
Capitalism
Capitalism developed during this time period. Theorized by the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith, capitalism was predicated on the concepts of private property, self-interest, competition between producers, and laissez-faire government policies.
The general premise was that the government should allow individuals to engage in nearly any economic activity they wanted to and not interfere. Having a desire to make money, the capitalist would seek to produce goods and services with the goal of expanding their business. As a result, the capitalist would acquire the necessary tools/machines and build a factory with the goal of being able to produce goods for sale. This is referred to as private property. The capitalist would therefor be required to hire workers to operate the tools/machines and in return would be paid a wage which allowed them to purchase the goods that they produced.
Assignments
Powerpoint: Industrialization, part I
Notes: Industrialization, part I
Chapter Assignment: Chapter 13, Sec 1
Chapter Assignment: Chapter 13, Sec 2
Chapter Assignment: Chapter 13, Sec 4
Assignment: Captains of Industry or Robber Barons
Project: Industrial Era Farcebook
Socialism
Socialism emerged as a challenge to capitalism. Robert Owen, a British industrialist, was among the first to theorize how socialism might be implemented to produce a more equal society.
Socialists argued that the capitalist acquired a disproportionate amount of money through his ownership of the tools/machines and the factories. Socialists argued that the only thing that the capitalist contributed was 'ownership' of these tools/machines, which they referred to as the Means of Production. Socialists said that the workers should own the Means of Production and keep the wealth that they created for themselves.
Karl Marx
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who became the most important socialist theorist in human history. Marx's most famous text was Das Kapital, a critique of capitalism and a foundational text among socialists.
In it, Marx argued that capitalism was inherently unsustainable, due to the increasing concentration of wealth among the capitalist class. Marx would claim that socialist revolution was inevitable and workers would rise up, seize the means of production, and establish a worker's state. Marx would later write The Communist Manifesto as a means of trying to rally workers to the revolution.
Assignments
Powerpoint: Industrialization, part II
Notes: Industrialization, part II
Assignment: Industrialization and Inequality
Viewing Guide: BBC: Marx and Marxism
Mini-DBQ: Class Conflict
Chapter Assignment: Chapter 15, Sec 1
Project: Class Stratification Rules
Project: Class Stratification Worksheet
Project: Peanut Gallery, Gilded Age
Viewing Guide: Tesla vs Edison